Characteristics and evolution of the ecosystem of software tools supporting research in molecular biology.

daily work in molecular biology is currently dependent on a large number of computing devices. Deep, large-scale studies of the ‘ecosystem’ Web tool, characteristics, interconnectivity, usage patterns / quotes, temporal evolution and the level of damage is very important to understand the forces that shape and to inform initiatives aimed at funding, long-term maintenance and repair. In particular, long-term maintenance of the tool is interrupted because of their specific development model. Hundreds of published studies be irreproducible de facto, as the software used to make them become unavailable. In this study, we present a large-scale survey> 5400 publication describes the Web server in two major bibliographic sources to disseminate new software developments in molecular biology.

For all these servers, we studied their pattern citation, the subjects they tackle, their citation network and temporal evolution of these factors. We also analyze how these factors affect the availability of this server (whether they are still alive). Our results indicate that these ecosystems are highly interconnected tools and adapt to the ‘trendy’ subjects in every moment. The server presents a characteristic temporal patterns quote / use, and there is an alarming level server ‘death’, which is influenced by factors such as the popularity of server and institutions that host it. These results can inform initiatives aimed at long-term maintenance of these resources.


Filoviridae are a family of negative-strand RNA viruses that includes several important human pathogens. Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg viruses are well known filoviruses that cause life-threatening viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. In addition to the pathogenesis of severe, filoviruses also showed a tendency to spread from human to human through close contact, posing a challenge for the containment and crisis management.

outbreaks of the past, especially recently EBOV epidemic of West Africa, has been responsible for thousands of deaths and filoviruses leapfrog into the public consciousness. Both national and international health agencies continue to consider potential outbreaks Filovirus as a major threat to global public health. To develop effective countermeasures, a basic understanding of the biology Filovirus required. This review covers the epidemiology, ecology, molecular biology, and evolution filoviruses.

 Characteristics and evolution of the ecosystem of software tools supporting research in molecular biology.
Characteristics and evolution of the ecosystem of software tools supporting research in molecular biology.

molecular evolution between chemistry and biology: Interaction of competition, cooperation, and the mutation.

Biological evolution is reduced to three fundamental processes in the spirit of the model at a minimum: (i) competition caused by differential fitness, (ii) cooperation competitor in the sense of symbiosis, and (iii) the variation introduced by mutation understood as reproduction error prone.

Three combinations of two basic processes respectively, ([Formula: see text]) competition and mutation, ([Formula: see text]) cooperation and competition, and ([Formula: see text]) cooperation and mutations, were analyzed. Changes in population dynamics caused by bifurcations and threshold phenomena are discussed.

10 mm Diameter Solid Titanium Tip

0-120-0009 10 mm
EUR 504

13 mm Diameter Tapped Titanium Tip

0-120-0010 13 mm
EUR 595

13 mm Diameter Solid Titanium Tip

0-120-0011 13 mm
EUR 533

19 mm Diameter Tapped Titanium Tip

0-120-0012 19 mm
EUR 639

19 mm Diameter Solid Titanium Tip

0-120-0013 19 mm
EUR 570

25 mm Diameter Tapped Titanium Tip

0-120-0014 25 mm
EUR 682

25 mm Diameter Solid Titanium Tip

0-120-0015 25 mm
EUR 614

Flat Replaceable Tips 13 mm Diameter Flat Titanium Tip

0-120-0016 13 mm
EUR 86
Description: use with corresponding Tapped Tips and Tapped Extender Tips

Flat Replaceable Tips 19 mm Diameter Flat Titanium Tip

0-120-0017 19 mm
EUR 92
Description: use with corresponding Tapped Tips and Tapped Extender Tips

Flat Replaceable Tips 25 mm Diameter Flat Titanium Tip

0-120-0018 25 mm
EUR 100
Description: use with corresponding Tapped Tips and Tapped Extender Tips

Titanium Cup Tip, 250 ml

0-120-0019 250 ml
EUR 1377
Description: includes Interface Washers

Microtube Tray, 8 Position (for 250 ml Cup Tip)

0-120-0021 each
EUR 113
Description: includes Interface Washers

Continuous Flow Chamber

0-120-0026 each
EUR 774
Description: includes Interface Washers

Interface Washers 1.5” Diameter, 5/Pkg

0-120-003 1.5'' Diameter
EUR 31

13 mm Diameter Solid Titanium Extender Tip

0-120-0032 13 mm
EUR 301

13 mm Diameter Tapped Titanium Extender Tip

0-120-0033 13 mm
EUR 362

19 mm Diameter Solid Titanium Extender Tip

0-120-0034 19 mm
EUR 315

19 mm Diameter Tapped Titanium Extender Tip

0-120-0035 19 mm
EUR 375

25 mm Diameter Solid Titanium Extender Tip

0-120-0036 25 mm
EUR 328

25 mm Diameter Tapped Titanium Extender Tip

0-120-0037 25 mm
EUR 389

KoldPod, 1.5ml Micro Tube

0-120-0038 1.5 ml
EUR 152
Description: Thermo conductive tube pods

KoldPod, 15ml Conical Tube

0-120-0039 15 ml
EUR 275
Description: Thermo conductive tube pods

KoldPod, 50ml Conical Tube

0-120-0040 50 ml
EUR 290
Description: Thermo conductive tube pods

Model 150 V/T Ultrasonic Homogenizer

0-121-0002 210-240V/50-60Hz
EUR 2920
Description: Delivers up to 150 Watts of ultrasonic power to the Titanium Tip. The Timer and Duty Cycle function increase preciosion in sample processing processing.

Model 300 V/T Ultrasonic Homogenizer

0-122-0002 210-240V/50-60Hz
EUR 3520
Description: Delivers up to 300 Watts of ultrasonic power to the Titanium Tip. The Timer and Duty Cycle function increase preciosion in sample.

SONABOZ Sound Abating Chamber

0-125-0001 each
EUR 1020
Description: Reduces cavitational sound emitted during processing.

Model 3000 Ultrasonic Homogenizer

0-127-0002 210-240V/50-60Hz
EUR 4120
Description: Delivers up to 300 Watts of ultrasonic power to the Titanium Tip and includes an intergrated Sound Abating Chmaber to reduce cavitational sound emitted during processing. The Timer and Duty Cycle function increase preciosion in sample.

Model 3000MP Ultrasonic Homogenizer

0-128-0002 210-240V/50-60Hz
EUR 4720
Description: Delivers up to 300 Watts of ultrasonic power to the Titanium Tip with preciosion control from a microprocessor and a graphical user interface displayed on a large (145 mm) LCD display. The integrated Sound Abating Chamber reduces cavitational sound emitted during processing.

OMNICON® Zone Reader, 210-240V/50-60Hz

0-131-0002 210-240V/50-60Hz
EUR 35200
Description: Designed to Perform multi-plate Assays on round 90/100mm Petri Dishes. The integrated LED illumination system provides transmitted light for brightfield and darkfield illumination of transparent media.

OMNI-Noculator Peni Cylinder Filler, 210-240V/50-60Hz

0-134-0002 210-240V/50-60Hz
EUR 32200
Description: A robotic liquid handling system designed to dispense Peni Cylinders and fill Peni Cylinders with the corresponding antibiotic liquid sample.

Peni Cylinder Dispenser with Manual Hopper

0-144-0002 each
EUR 5406
Description: Dispenser can be configured to dispense 4 or 6 Peni Cylinders onto a petri dish.

Peni Cylinder Dispenser with Motorized Hopper, 100-240V/50-60Hz

0-144-0003 100-240V/50-60Hz
EUR 6254
Description: The motorized hopper can be configured to dispense 4 or 6 Peni Cylinders onto a petri Dispenser can be disassembled for disinfection.

Stainless Steel Peni Cylinder with Flat Face

0-144-0005 6mm I.D. x 8mm O.D. x 10mm Long
EUR 399
Description: sold in packages of 100 pieces

Stainless Steel Peni Cylinder with Chamfered Face

0-144-0006 6mm I.D. x 8mm O.D. x 10mm Long
EUR 412
Description: sold in packages of 100 pieces

Custom development of ELISAs for other species or antibody isotypes not listed in the catalog. Custom testing of samples for IgG/IgM/IgA or total (IgG+IgM+IgA)

000-CUS Custom
EUR 602

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®405S, 500 ug

00002 1UG
EUR 527
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-bungarotoxin, CF405s

00002 500uG
EUR 594
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 500uG

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®405S, 500 ug

00002-1 EA
EUR 527

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®405S 100ug

00002-100ug 100uG
EUR 132
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®680R, 500 ug

9-00003
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 500uG
  • 100uG
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®680R, 500 ug

00003-1 EA
EUR 527

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®680R 100ug

9-00003
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 500uG
  • 100uG
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®640R, 500 ug

9-00004
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 500uG
  • 100uG
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®640R, 500 ug

00004-1 EA
EUR 527

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®640R 100ug

9-00004
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 500uG
  • 100uG
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®488A, 500 ug

9-00005
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 500uG
  • 100uG
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®488A, 500 ug

00005-1 EA
EUR 527

Alpha-Bungarotoxin CF®488A 100ug

9-00005
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 500uG
  • 100uG
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®568, 500 ug

9-00006
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 500uG
  • 100uG
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®568, 500 ug

00006-1 EA
EUR 527

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®568 100ug

9-00006
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 500uG
  • 100uG
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®594, 500 ug

9-00007
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 500uG
  • 100uG
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®594, 500 ug

00007-1 EA
EUR 527

Alpha-Bungarotoxin CF®594 100ug

9-00007
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 500uG
  • 100uG
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®633, 500 ug

9-00009
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 500uG
  • 100uG
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®633, 500 ug

00009-1 EA
EUR 527

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®633 100ug

9-00009
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 500uG
  • 100uG
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, 1 mg

00010-1 1MG
EUR 193
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, 1 mg

00010-1-1 EA
EUR 193

Fluorescein-Alpha-Bungarotoxin, 500 ug

00011 500uG
EUR 376
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Fluorescein-Alpha-Bungarotoxin, 500 ug

00011-1 EA
EUR 376

Tetramethylrhodamine-Alpha-Bungarotoxin, 500 ug

00012 500uG
EUR 394
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Tetramethylrhodamine-Alpha-Bungarotoxin, 500 ug

00012-1 EA
EUR 394

Fluorescein-alpha-bungarotoxin, 10x50ug

00013 10ST
EUR 436
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Fluorescein-alpha-bungarotoxin, 10x50ug

00013-1 EA
EUR 436

Tetramethylrhodamine-A-Bungarotoxin, 10x50 ug

00014 10ST
EUR 494
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Tetramethylrhodamine-A-Bungarotoxin, 10x50 ug

00014-1 EA
EUR 494

Sulforhodamine 101-Alpha-Bungarotoxin, 500 ug

00015 500uG
EUR 494
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Sulforhodamine 101-Alpha-Bungarotoxin, 500 ug

00015-1 EA
EUR 494

Sulforhodamine 101-Alpha-Bungarotoxin, 50 ug

00016 10ST
EUR 560
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Sulforhodamine 101-Alpha-Bungarotoxin, 50 ug

00016-1 EA
EUR 560

Biotin-XX-A-Bungarotoxin, 500 ug

00017 500uG
EUR 455
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Biotin-XX-A-Bungarotoxin, 500 ug

00017-1 EA
EUR 455

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®555, 500 ug

9-00018
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 500uG
  • 100ug
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®555, 500 ug

00018-1 EA
EUR 527

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®555 100ug

9-00018
  • Ask for price
  • Ask for price
  • 500uG
  • 100ug
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Acrylamide, Chemzymes Ultra Pure®

00019-100 100g
EUR 91
Description: 79-06-1

Acrylamide, Chemzymes Ultra Pure®

00019-500 500g
EUR 241
Description: 79-06-1

Biotin-cAMP, 1 mg

00020 1MG
EUR 298
Description: N/A

Biotin-cAMP, 1 mg

00020-1 20ST
EUR 298
Description: N/A

Biotin-cAMP, 50 ug

00020-1-1 EA
EUR 414

Biotin-cGMP, 1 mg

00021 1MG
EUR 331
Description: N/A

Biotin-cGMP, 1 mg

00021-1 20ST
EUR 331
Description: N/A

Biotin-cGMP, 20x50 ug

00021-1-1 EA
EUR 447

Cyanine 644-cAMP, 1 mg

00022 1MG
EUR 496
Description: N/A

Cyanine 644-cAMP, 1 mg

00022-1 20ST
EUR 496
Description: N/A

Cyanine 644-cAMP, 20x50 ug

00022-1-1 EA
EUR 647

Fluorescein Methotrexate, Triammonium Salt, 1 mg

00023 1MG
EUR 285
Description: N/A

Fluorescein Methotrexate, Triammonium Salt, 1 mg

00023-1 EA
EUR 285

Staurosporine

00025 100uG
EUR 100
Description: N/A

Staurosporine

00025-1 EA
EUR 100

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®543, 500 ug

00026 500uG
EUR 527
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®543, 500 ug

00026-1 EA
EUR 527

Alpha-Bungarotoxin, CF®543, 100 ug

00026-100ug 1UG
EUR 132
Description: Alpha-bungarotoxin from Krait snake venom (Bungarus multicinctus)

Rhodamine Phalloidin 300U

00027 300
EUR 364
Description: N/A

Rhodamine Phalloidin 300U

00027-1 EA
EUR 364

Biotin-XX-Phalloidin

00028 100U
EUR 466
Description: N/A

Biotin-XX-Phalloidin

00028-1 EA
EUR 466

Fluorescein-Phalloidin

00030 300U
EUR 364
Description: N/A

Fluorescein-Phalloidin

00030-1 EA
EUR 364

Rhodamine 110 Phalloidin

00032 300ST
EUR 364
Description: N/A

Rhodamine 110 Phalloidin

00032-1 EA
EUR 364

Sulforhodamine 101 (Texas Red®) Phalloidin

00033 300EU
EUR 364
Description: N/A

Sulforhodamine 101 (Texas Red®) Phalloidin

00033-1 EA
EUR 364

Phalloidin, CF®405M

00034 300U
EUR 482
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®405M

00034-1 EA
EUR 482

Phalloidin, CF®405M

00034-T 50U
EUR 101
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®405M

00034-T-1 EA
EUR 101

CF®488A-cAMP

00036 100ug
EUR 136
Description: N/A

CF®488A-cAMP

00036-1 EA
EUR 136

CF®640R-cAMP

00037 100ug
EUR 136
Description: N/A

CF®640R-cAMP

00037-1 EA
EUR 136

Phalloidin, CF555

00040 300U
EUR 530.4
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 300U

Phalloidin, CF555

00040-T 50U
EUR 159.6
Description: Minimum order quantity: 1 unit of 50U

Phalloidin, CF®647, 300 U

00041 300U
EUR 482
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®647, 300 U

00041-1 EA
EUR 482

Phalloidin, CF®647, 50 U

00041-T 50U
EUR 101
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®647, 50 U

00041-T-1 EA
EUR 101

Phalloidin, CF®488A, 300 U

00042 300U
EUR 482
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®488A, 300 U

00042-1 EA
EUR 482

Phalloidin, CF®488A, 50 U

00042-T 50U
EUR 101
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®488A, 50 U

00042-T-1 EA
EUR 101

Phalloidin, CF®543, 300 U

00043 300U
EUR 482
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®543, 300 U

00043-1 EA
EUR 482

Phalloidin, CF®543, 50 U

00043-T 50U
EUR 101
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®543, 50 U

00043-T-1 EA
EUR 101

Phalloidin, CF®568, 300 U

00044 300U
EUR 482
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®568, 300 U

00044-1 EA
EUR 482

Phalloidin, CF®568, 50 U

00044-T 50U
EUR 101
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®568, 50 U

00044-T-1 EA
EUR 101

Phalloidin, CF®594, 300 U

00045 300U
EUR 482
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®594, 300 U

00045-1 EA
EUR 482

Phalloidin, CF®594, 50 U

00045-T 50U
EUR 101
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®594, 50 U

00045-T-1 EA
EUR 101

Phalloidin, CF®633, 300 U

00046 300U
EUR 482
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®633, 300 U

00046-1 EA
EUR 482

Phalloidin, CF®633, 50 U

00046-T 50U
EUR 101
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®633, 50 U

00046-T-1 EA
EUR 101

Phalloidin, CF®660R, 300 U

00047 300U
EUR 482
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®660R, 300 U

00047-1 EA
EUR 482

Phalloidin, CF®660R, 50 U

00047-T 50U
EUR 101
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®660R, 50 U

00047-T-1 EA
EUR 101

Phalloidin, CF®680R, 300 U

00048 300U
EUR 513
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®680R, 300 U

00048-1 EA
EUR 513

Phalloidin, CF®680R, 50 U

00048-T 50U
EUR 101
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®680R, 50 U

00048-T-1 EA
EUR 101

Phalloidin, CF®350, 300 U

00049 300U
EUR 482
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®350, 300 U

00049-1 EA
EUR 482

Phalloidin, CF®350, 50 U

00049-T 50U
EUR 101
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®350, 50 U

00049-T-1 EA
EUR 101

Phalloidin, CF®640R, 300 U

00050 300U
EUR 482
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®640R, 300 U

00050-1 EA
EUR 482

Phalloidin, CF®640R, 50 U

00050-T 50U
EUR 101
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®640R, 50 U

00050-T-1 EA
EUR 101

Phalloidin, CF®532, 300 U

00051 300U
EUR 482
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®532, 300 U

00051-1 EA
EUR 482

Phalloidin, CF®532, 50 U

00051-T 50U
EUR 101
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®532, 50 U

00051-T-1 EA
EUR 101

Phalloidin, CF®660C, 300 U

00052 300U
EUR 482
Description: N/A

Phalloidin, CF®660C, 300 U

00052-1 EA
EUR 482

Phalloidin, CF®660C, 50 U

00052-T 50U
EUR 101
Description: N/A

DAMBE is a comprehensive software package for the analysis of genomic data and phylogenetic on Windows, Linux, and Macintosh. new functionality including imputing distance and phylogeny lost simultaneously (paving the way for building a phage great and trees transposons), bootstrap new / jackknifing method for PhyPA (phylogenetic of partiality in pairs), and improved functionality for fast and accurate estimation of the parameters of the form of the gamma distribution for fitting degree of heterogeneity on the site.