Characteristics and evolution of the ecosystem of software tools supporting research in molecular biology.
daily work in molecular biology is currently dependent on a large number of computing devices. Deep, large-scale studies of the ‘ecosystem’ Web tool, characteristics, interconnectivity, usage patterns / quotes, temporal evolution and the level of damage is very important to understand the forces that shape and to inform initiatives aimed at funding, long-term maintenance and repair. In particular, long-term maintenance of the tool is interrupted because of their specific development model. Hundreds of published studies be irreproducible de facto, as the software used to make them become unavailable. In this study, we present a large-scale survey> 5400 publication describes the Web server in two major bibliographic sources to disseminate new software developments in molecular biology.
For all these servers, we studied their pattern citation, the subjects they tackle, their citation network and temporal evolution of these factors. We also analyze how these factors affect the availability of this server (whether they are still alive). Our results indicate that these ecosystems are highly interconnected tools and adapt to the ‘trendy’ subjects in every moment. The server presents a characteristic temporal patterns quote / use, and there is an alarming level server ‘death’, which is influenced by factors such as the popularity of server and institutions that host it. These results can inform initiatives aimed at long-term maintenance of these resources.
Filoviridae are a family of negative-strand RNA viruses that includes several important human pathogens. Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg viruses are well known filoviruses that cause life-threatening viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. In addition to the pathogenesis of severe, filoviruses also showed a tendency to spread from human to human through close contact, posing a challenge for the containment and crisis management.
outbreaks of the past, especially recently EBOV epidemic of West Africa, has been responsible for thousands of deaths and filoviruses leapfrog into the public consciousness. Both national and international health agencies continue to consider potential outbreaks Filovirus as a major threat to global public health. To develop effective countermeasures, a basic understanding of the biology Filovirus required. This review covers the epidemiology, ecology, molecular biology, and evolution filoviruses.

molecular evolution between chemistry and biology: Interaction of competition, cooperation, and the mutation.
Biological evolution is reduced to three fundamental processes in the spirit of the model at a minimum: (i) competition caused by differential fitness, (ii) cooperation competitor in the sense of symbiosis, and (iii) the variation introduced by mutation understood as reproduction error prone.
Three combinations of two basic processes respectively, ([Formula: see text]) competition and mutation, ([Formula: see text]) cooperation and competition, and ([Formula: see text]) cooperation and mutations, were analyzed. Changes in population dynamics caused by bifurcations and threshold phenomena are discussed.
Hydrogen Peroxide Assay Kit |
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NAT1002 | National Diagnostics | 1KIT | EUR 308.4 |
ProtoBlock System |
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NAT1004 | National Diagnostics | 1KIT | EUR 122.4 |
450ML PBS 10X |
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NAT1006 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 96 |
4L PBS 10X |
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NAT1008 | National Diagnostics | 4L | EUR 238.8 |
ProtoGlow ECL 200ml Kit |
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NAT1010 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 354 |
ProtoGlow ECL 500ml Kit |
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NAT1012 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 627.6 |
100G Acrylamide |
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NAT1014 | National Diagnostics | 100G | EUR 120 |
500G Acrylamide |
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NAT1016 | National Diagnostics | 500G | EUR 261.6 |
1KG Acrylamide |
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NAT1018 | National Diagnostics | 1KG | EUR 412.8 |
25G AquaPor LE |
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NAT1020 | National Diagnostics | 25G | EUR 132 |
100G AquaPor LE GTAC |
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NAT1022 | National Diagnostics | 100G | EUR 250.8 |
500G AquaPor LE GTAC |
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NAT1024 | National Diagnostics | 500G | EUR 878.4 |
25G AquaPor ES |
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NAT1026 | National Diagnostics | 25G | EUR 152.4 |
100G AquaPor ES |
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NAT1028 | National Diagnostics | 100G | EUR 350.4 |
25G AquaPor LM |
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NAT1030 | National Diagnostics | 25G | EUR 288 |
100G AquaPor LM |
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NAT1032 | National Diagnostics | 100G | EUR 860.4 |
25G AquaPor HR |
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NAT1034 | National Diagnostics | 25G | EUR 236.4 |
100G AquaPor HR |
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NAT1036 | National Diagnostics | 100G | EUR 592.8 |
25G AquaPor 3:1 |
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NAT1038 | National Diagnostics | 25G | EUR 250.8 |
100G AquaPor 3:1 |
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NAT1040 | National Diagnostics | 100G | EUR 570 |
25G Bis (Methylene Bis-Acrylamide) |
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NAT1042 | National Diagnostics | 25G | EUR 100.8 |
25G DATD Ultrapure |
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NAT1044 | National Diagnostics | 25G | EUR 168 |
250G Glycine |
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NAT1046 | National Diagnostics | 250G | EUR 94.8 |
1KG Glycine Ultrapure |
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NAT1048 | National Diagnostics | 1KG | EUR 128.4 |
250G Tris |
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NAT1050 | National Diagnostics | 250G | EUR 102 |
1KG Tris Ultrapure |
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NAT1052 | National Diagnostics | 1KG | EUR 177.6 |
100G Tricine |
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NAT1054 | National Diagnostics | 100G | EUR 120 |
100G Ion Exchange Resin (mixed bed) |
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NAT1056 | National Diagnostics | 100G | EUR 96 |
25G Riboflavin |
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NAT1058 | National Diagnostics | 25G | EUR 96 |
25ML TEMED |
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NAT1060 | National Diagnostics | 25ML | EUR 99.6 |
25G Ammonium Persulfate |
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NAT1062 | National Diagnostics | 25G | EUR 96 |
100G Ammonium Persulfate |
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NAT1064 | National Diagnostics | 100G | EUR 118.8 |
1G Dithiothreitol (DTT) |
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NAT1066 | National Diagnostics | 1G | EUR 103.2 |
5G Dithiothreitol (DTT) |
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NAT1068 | National Diagnostics | 5G | EUR 183.6 |
50ML 2-Mercaptoethanol |
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NAT1070 | National Diagnostics | 50ML | EUR 112.8 |
100G SDS Ultrapure |
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NAT1072 | National Diagnostics | 100G | EUR 111.6 |
1KG SDS Ultrapure |
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NAT1074 | National Diagnostics | 1KG | EUR 457.2 |
250G Urea |
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NAT1076 | National Diagnostics | 250G | EUR 98.4 |
1KG Urea |
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NAT1078 | National Diagnostics | 1KG | EUR 138 |
450ML Glycerol Ultrapure |
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NAT1080 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 132 |
200ML Tween 20 Ultrapure |
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NAT1082 | National Diagnostics | 200ML | EUR 132 |
1L Tween 20 |
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NAT1084 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 169.2 |
200ML Formamide |
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NAT1086 | National Diagnostics | 200ML | EUR 111.6 |
500ML Boric Acid |
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NAT1088 | National Diagnostics | 500ML | EUR 103.2 |
100G EDTA |
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NAT1090 | National Diagnostics | 100G | EUR 94.8 |
500G EDTA |
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NAT1092 | National Diagnostics | 500G | EUR 177.6 |
GelDry Film 11 X 12 cm |
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NAT1094 | National Diagnostics | PK50 | EUR 100.8 |
25ML Formamide CE |
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NAT1096 | National Diagnostics | 25ML | Ask for price |
25ML Glass Bond |
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NAT1098 | National Diagnostics | 25ML | EUR 158.4 |
450ML Glass Free |
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NAT1100 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 196.8 |
GelDry Film 22.5 X 22.5 cm |
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NAT1102 | National Diagnostics | PK50 | EUR 130.8 |
1L DEPC Treated Water |
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NAT1104 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 120 |
Sterling Rapid Silver Stain Kit |
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NAT1106 | National Diagnostics | 1KIT | EUR 265.2 |
1L ProtoBlue Safe |
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NAT1108 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 159.6 |
4L ProtoBlue Safe |
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NAT1110 | National Diagnostics | 4L | EUR 282 |
1L ProtoStain Blue |
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NAT1112 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 164.4 |
25ML Nuclistain |
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NAT1114 | National Diagnostics | 25ML | EUR 128.4 |
450ML AcrylaGel 30% |
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NAT1116 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 128.4 |
1L AcrylaGel 30% |
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NAT1118 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 177.6 |
450ML Bis-AcrylaGel 2% |
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NAT1120 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 98.4 |
1L Bis-AcrylaGel 2% |
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NAT1122 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 111.6 |
450ML UreaGel 29:1 Concentrate |
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NAT1124 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 133.2 |
1L UreaGel 29:1 Concentrate |
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NAT1126 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 183.6 |
UreaGel 29:1 System 1L Kit |
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NAT1128 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 171.6 |
UreaGel 29:1 System 2.2L Kit |
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NAT1130 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 253.2 |
450ML SequaGel UreaGel Concentrate |
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NAT1132 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 126 |
1L SequaGel UreaGel Concentrate |
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NAT1134 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 160.8 |
SequaGel Sequencing System 1L Kit |
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NAT1136 | National Diagnostics | 1KIT | EUR 171.6 |
SequaGel Sequencing System 2.2L Kit |
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NAT1138 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 253.2 |
100ML SequaGel Buffer |
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NAT1140 | National Diagnostics | 100ML | EUR 80.4 |
200ML SequaGel UreaGel Buffer |
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NAT1142 | National Diagnostics | 200ML | EUR 84 |
450ML SequaGel UreaGel-6 |
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NAT1144 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 115.2 |
1L SequaGel UreaGel-6 |
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NAT1146 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 151.2 |
450ML SequaGel UreaGel-8 |
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NAT1148 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 115.2 |
1L SequaGel UreaGel-8 |
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NAT1150 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 151.2 |
450ML SequaGel UreaGel Diluent |
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NAT1152 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 90 |
1L SequaGel UreaGel Diluent |
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NAT1154 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 103.2 |
90ML SequaGel Complete Buffer |
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NAT1156 | National Diagnostics | 90ML | EUR 79.2 |
200ML SequaGel UreaGel Complete Buffer |
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NAT1158 | National Diagnostics | 200ML | EUR 85.2 |
450ML SequaGel XR |
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NAT1160 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 126 |
1L SequaGel XR |
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NAT1162 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 165.6 |
100ML SequaGel XR Concentrate |
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NAT1164 | National Diagnostics | 100ML | EUR 128.4 |
450ML SequaGel XR Concentrate |
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NAT1166 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 361.2 |
200ML SequaGel MD Monomer Solution |
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NAT1168 | National Diagnostics | 200ML | EUR 220.8 |
SequaGel MD SSCP Kit |
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NAT1170 | National Diagnostics | 1KIT | EUR 253.2 |
SequaGel MD Heteroduplex Kit |
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NAT1172 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 265.2 |
1.2ML SequaGel MD SSCP Stop Solution |
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NAT1174 | National Diagnostics | 1.2ML | EUR 85.2 |
450ML AccuGel 19:1 (30%) |
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NAT1176 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 126 |
1L AccuGel 19:1 (30%) |
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NAT1178 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 165.6 |
450ML AccuGel 19:1 (40%) |
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NAT1180 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 130.8 |
1L AccuGel 19:1 (40%) |
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NAT1182 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 168 |
450ML AccuGel 29:1 (30%) |
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NAT1184 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 126 |
1L AccuGel 29:1 (30%) |
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NAT1186 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 165.6 |
450ML AccuGel 29:1 (40%) |
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NAT1188 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 130.8 |
1L AccuGel 29:1 (40%) |
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NAT1190 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 168 |
1.2ML Triple Dye Loading Buffer (6X) |
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NAT1192 | National Diagnostics | 1.2ML | EUR 85.2 |
UreaGel Loading Buffer |
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NAT1194 | National Diagnostics | 10X1ML | EUR 222 |
1L TBE 10X |
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NAT1196 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 98.4 |
4L TBE 10X |
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NAT1198 | National Diagnostics | 4L | EUR 145.2 |
1L TBE 5X |
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NAT1200 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 92.4 |
4L TBE 5X |
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NAT1202 | National Diagnostics | 4L | EUR 111.6 |
25ML TE BUFFER 100X |
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NAT1204 | National Diagnostics | 25ML | EUR 98.4 |
25ML 10X CE Buffer |
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NAT1206 | National Diagnostics | 25ML | EUR 138 |
100ML 10X CE Buffer |
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NAT1208 | National Diagnostics | 100ML | EUR 196.8 |
450ML 20X Tris-MOPS SDS |
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NAT1210 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 130.8 |
450ML 20X Tris-MEPS SDS |
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NAT1212 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 130.8 |
1L Tris-Tricine-SDS PAGE Buffer (10X) |
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NAT1214 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 217.2 |
1L Tris-Glycine-SDS PAGE Buffer (10X) |
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NAT1216 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 105.6 |
4L Tris-Glycine-SDS PAGE Buffer (10X) |
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NAT1218 | National Diagnostics | 4L | EUR 148.8 |
1L TTE Glycerol Tolerant Buffer 20X |
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NAT1220 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 160.8 |
1L TAE Buffer 50X |
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NAT1222 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 148.8 |
1L SSC Buffer 20X |
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NAT1224 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 98.4 |
4L SSC Buffer 20X |
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NAT1226 | National Diagnostics | 4L | EUR 174 |
100ML SDS Solution 20% |
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NAT1228 | National Diagnostics | 100ML | EUR 92.4 |
450ML SDS Solution 20% |
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NAT1230 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 138 |
1L Denaturation Solution |
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NAT1232 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 102 |
1L Neutralization Solution |
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NAT1234 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 102 |
50G Dextran Sulfate |
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NAT1236 | National Diagnostics | 50G | EUR 193.2 |
250G Dextran Sulfate |
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NAT1238 | National Diagnostics | 250G | EUR 524.4 |
1L Tris-Glycine Electroblotting Buffer 10X |
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NAT1240 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 102 |
4L Tris-Glycine Electroblotting Buffer 10X |
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NAT1242 | National Diagnostics | 4L | EUR 145.2 |
1L TBS (10X) Tris Buffered Saline |
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NAT1244 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 126 |
1L TBST (10X) Tris Buffered Saline w/Tween 20 |
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NAT1246 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 126 |
ProtoGel Sample Prep Kit |
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NAT1248 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 223.2 |
Protein Loading Buffer Blue 2X |
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NAT1250 | National Diagnostics | 10X1ML | EUR 105.6 |
Protein Loading Buffer 5X |
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NAT1252 | National Diagnostics | 10X1ML | EUR 151.2 |
50ML Protein Precipitation Kit |
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NAT1254 | National Diagnostics | 50ML | EUR 270 |
100ML ProtoLift Western Strip Buffer |
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NAT1256 | National Diagnostics | 100ML | EUR 121.2 |
450ML ProtoGel (30%) |
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NAT1258 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 136.8 |
1L ProtoGel (30%) |
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NAT1260 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 187.2 |
450ML ProtoGel (40%) |
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NAT1262 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 157.2 |
1L ProtoGel (40%) |
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NAT1264 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 204 |
450ML ProtoGel Resolving Buffer 4X |
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NAT1266 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 100.8 |
1L ProtoGel Resolving Buffer |
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NAT1268 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 128.4 |
200ML ProtoGel Stacking Buffer |
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NAT1270 | National Diagnostics | 200ML | EUR 92.4 |
100ML ProtoGel Quick-Cast 12% |
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NAT1272 | National Diagnostics | 100ML | EUR 105.6 |
450ML ProtoGel Quick-Cast 12% |
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NAT1274 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 223.2 |
0.5ML Insite Markers |
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NAT1276 | National Diagnostics | 0.5ML | EUR 238.8 |
0.5ML ProtoMarkers |
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NAT1278 | National Diagnostics | 0.5ML | EUR 236.4 |
ProtoMetrics |
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NAT1280 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 242.4 |
1L EDTA 0.5M Solution |
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NAT1282 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 183.6 |
1L Sodium Chloride 0.009 Solution |
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NAT1284 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 140.4 |
1L Sodium Chloride 1M Solution |
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NAT1286 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 140.4 |
1L Potassium Chloride 1M Solution |
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NAT1288 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 140.4 |
1L Tris-HCL 1M pH 7.2 |
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NAT1290 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 126 |
1L Tris-HCL 1M pH 7.4 |
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NAT1292 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 126 |
1L Tris-HCL 1M pH 7.6 |
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NAT1294 | National Diagnostics | 1L | EUR 126 |
Histosol |
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NAT1296 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 106.8 |
Histosol |
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NAT1298 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 270 |
Mirskys Fixative (ready-to-use) |
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NAT1300 | National Diagnostics | 1USGALLON | EUR 96 |
Mirskys Fixative (ready-to-use) |
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NAT1302 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 228 |
200ML Mirskys Fixative |
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NAT1304 | National Diagnostics | 200ML | EUR 92.4 |
2L Mirskys Fixative |
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NAT1306 | National Diagnostics | 2L | EUR 134.4 |
100ML Histomount |
|||
NAT1308 | National Diagnostics | 100ML | EUR 86.4 |
450ML Histomount |
|||
NAT1310 | National Diagnostics | 450ML | EUR 111.6 |
Calci-Clear |
|||
NAT1312 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 93.6 |
Calci-Clear |
|||
NAT1314 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 153.6 |
Calci-Clear |
|||
NAT1316 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 463.2 |
Calci-Clear Rapid |
|||
NAT1318 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 90 |
Calci-Clear Rapid |
|||
NAT1320 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 153.6 |
Calci-Clear Rapid |
|||
NAT1322 | National Diagnostics | EACH | EUR 463.2 |
DAMBE is a comprehensive software package for the analysis of genomic data and phylogenetic on Windows, Linux, and Macintosh. new functionality including imputing distance and phylogeny lost simultaneously (paving the way for building a phage great and trees transposons), bootstrap new / jackknifing method for PhyPA (phylogenetic of partiality in pairs), and improved functionality for fast and accurate estimation of the parameters of the form of the gamma distribution for fitting degree of heterogeneity on the site.