Flatworms show great diversity in their reproductive biology, making the group an excellent model system to explore how differences between species in reproductive ecology is reflected in the physiological and molecular details of how reproduction is achieved. In this review, I consider five key “lifestyle choices” (ie, alternative evolutionary / developmental outcomes) that collectively Encompass many sexual diversity flatworms, begins with a decision: (i) whether to live free or parasites; (Ii) whether to reproduce asexually or sexually; and (iii) whether it should gonochoristic (separate-sexed) or hermaphrodite.

I then checked two further decisions involving hermaphroditism (iv) outcrossing to selfing and (v) the balance of investments into male versus (allocation sex) female sexual function. Collectively, lifestyle choice, it sets the ground rules for how reproduction occurs, but as I emphasized in the second part of the review, reproductive biology flatworms also heavily influenced by the pressure near-pervasive strong sexual selection, together with the related phenomena of competition sperm and sexual conflict.

Exactly how this plays out, however, strongly influenced by the particular combination of reproductive strategies adopted by each species.
Between November 30 and December 2, 2015, Jacques Loeb Center for History and Philosophy of Life Sciences at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Beer Sheva (Israel) organized the Eighth International Workshop titled “From Genome to Gene: causality, Synthesis and evolution”.

Eric Davidson, founder of the concept of development of Gene Regulatory Networks, has regularly attended previous meetings, and participation in this one is expected, but suddenly he died three months earlier. In this paper, we provide an introduction and overview of the five papers presented at the workshop and examine the importance of genome and gene regulatory networks in biology that still exist, developmental biology, evolutionary biology and medicine, as well as a collection of memories of Eric Davidson, personality and contribution scientific. provided a historical perspective, and the ethical issues raised by new tools developed to modify the genome are also discussed.

Dynamic modeling approach based on logic to explain the evolution of the central dogma of molecular biology.

It is almost half a century past the age of introduction of the Central Dogma (CD) of molecular biology. Biological axiom has been developed and now it seems all the more complex. In this study, we modify the CD by adding more species to the flow of information CD and CD expressed mathematically in a dynamic framework using Boolean network based on its present and 1965 editions.

Sucrose, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology
GC3201	Glentham Life Sciences	1kg	EUR 41.25

Sucrose, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology
GC3201-1	Glentham Life Sciences	1	EUR 45.1

D(+)-Sucrose (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE224	GeneOn	500 g	EUR 67.2

D(+)-Sucrose (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE225	GeneOn	1 kg	EUR 84

D(+)-Sucrose (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE226	GeneOn	5 kg	EUR 207.6

Casein, for Molecular Biology
MB279-100G	EWC Diagnostics	1 unit	EUR 110.77
Description: Casein, for Molecular Biology

Casein, for Molecular Biology
MB279-500G	EWC Diagnostics	1 unit	EUR 387.65
Description: Casein, for Molecular Biology

Urea for molecular biology, 99.5%
21113	Sisco Laboratories	500 Gms	EUR 6.5
Description: Part A

Xylene for molecular biology, 99.5%
45122	Sisco Laboratories	250 ml	EUR 2.81
Description: Part A

Acetone for molecular biology, 99.8%
27498	Sisco Laboratories	500 ml	EUR 3.76
Description: Part A

Glycine for molecular biology, 99.5%
64072	Sisco Laboratories	100 Gms	EUR 1.64
Description: Part A

Carbinol for molecular biology, 99.5%
34883	Sisco Laboratories	500 ml	EUR 6.23
Description: Part A

Methanol for molecular biology, 99.5%
96446	Sisco Laboratories	500 ml	EUR 6.23
Description: Part A

Formamide for molecular biology, 99.5%
30349	Sisco Laboratories	500 ml	EUR 5.82
Description: Part A

Imidazole for molecular biology, 99.5%
61510	Sisco Laboratories	25 Gms	EUR 5.47
Description: Part A

Chloroform for molecular biology, 99.8%
96764	Sisco Laboratories	100 ml	EUR 3.08
Description: Part A

Urea, suitable for molecular biology
GE1210	Glentham Life Sciences	500g	EUR 53.1

Urea, suitable for molecular biology
GE1210-1	Glentham Life Sciences	1	EUR 58

Urea, suitable for molecular biology
GE1210-1KG	Glentham Life Sciences	1 kg	EUR 106.8

Urea, suitable for molecular biology
GE1210-500	Glentham Life Sciences	500	EUR 33.1

Urea, suitable for molecular biology
GE1210-500G	Glentham Life Sciences	500 g	EUR 76.8

Triethylamine for molecular biology, 99.5%
55221	Sisco Laboratories	500 ml	EUR 4.11
Description: Part A

Ficoll 400® for molecular biology
45460	Sisco Laboratories	5 Gms	EUR 15.6
Description: Part B

Agarose UltraPhor for molecular biology
27813	Sisco Laboratories	10 Gms	EUR 46.5
Description: Part B

Boric Acid for molecular biology, 99.5%
22311	Sisco Laboratories	250 Gms	EUR 4.04
Description: Part A

2-Mercaptoethanol ?For Molecular Biology
MB041-100ML	EWC Diagnostics	1 unit	EUR 9.02
Description: 2-Mercaptoethanol ?For Molecular Biology

2-Mercaptoethanol ?For Molecular Biology
MB041-500ML	EWC Diagnostics	1 unit	EUR 26.47
Description: 2-Mercaptoethanol ?For Molecular Biology

ACES Buffer for molecular biology, 99.5%
27907	Sisco Laboratories	5 Gms	EUR 5.4
Description: Part B

Triton X-100 for molecular biology
64518	Sisco Laboratories	100 ml	EUR 6.02
Description: Part A

MOPS Buffer for molecular biology, 99%
66043	Sisco Laboratories	25 Gms	EUR 10.28
Description: Part B

Vitamin B12 for molecular biology, 97%
77472	Sisco Laboratories	250 Mg	EUR 5.78
Description: Part B

HEPES Buffer for molecular biology, 99.5%
16826	Sisco Laboratories	25 Gms	EUR 6.3
Description: Part B

Sodium Azide for molecular biology, 99%
17782	Sisco Laboratories	100 Gms	EUR 5.47
Description: Part A

CHAPS Buffer for molecular biology, 99.5%
21420	Sisco Laboratories	1 Gms	EUR 10.73
Description: Part B

Agarose Low EEO for molecular biology
36601	Sisco Laboratories	10 Gms	EUR 5.1
Description: Part B

PIPES Buffer for molecular biology, 99%
49159	Sisco Laboratories	100 Gms	EUR 26.03
Description: Part B

10X MOPS Buffer for molecular biology
68078	Sisco Laboratories	100 ml	EUR 4.5
Description: Part B

Agarose High EEO for molecular biology
60645	Sisco Laboratories	25 Gms	EUR 13.8
Description: Part B

Jasmonic Acid for molecular biology, 95%
79238	Sisco Laboratories	25 Mg	EUR 120.9
Description: Part B

Protamine Sulfate for molecular biology, 90-110%
78349	Sisco Laboratories	1 Gms	EUR 22.5
Description: Part B

Oil Red O for molecular biology, 75%
23576	Sisco Laboratories	25 Gms	EUR 5.33
Description: Part B

Agarose Medium EEO for molecular biology
10423	Sisco Laboratories	10 Gms	EUR 6.75
Description: Part B

Sodium Chloride for molecular biology, 99.9%
33205	Sisco Laboratories	500 Gms	EUR 4.52
Description: Part A

Isopropanol (IPA) for molecular biology, 99.8%
38445	Sisco Laboratories	100 ml	EUR 1.71
Description: Part A

Agarose Low Melting for molecular biology
32417	Sisco Laboratories	5 Gms	EUR 22.5
Description: Part B

Ammonium Acetate for molecular biology, 98%
37829	Sisco Laboratories	100 Gms	EUR 2.12
Description: Part A

Acetonitrile (ACN) for molecular biology, 99.9%
62006	Sisco Laboratories	250 ml	EUR 4.93
Description: Part A

Ethidium Bromide for molecular biology, 95%
93079	Sisco Laboratories	1 Gms	EUR 4.58
Description: Part A

Ammonium Chloride for molecular biology, 99.5%
16992	Sisco Laboratories	500 Gms	EUR 4.52
Description: Part A

Ammonium Sulphate for molecular biology, 99.5%
82126	Sisco Laboratories	250 Gms	EUR 4.93
Description: Part A

Potassium Acetate for molecular biology, 99.5%
96248	Sisco Laboratories	100 Gms	EUR 2.74
Description: Part A

Phenol Crystalline for molecular biology, 99.5%
17286	Sisco Laboratories	100 Gms	EUR 3.15
Description: Part A

Sodium Bicarbonate for molecular biology, 99.7%
36328	Sisco Laboratories	500 Gms	EUR 5.47
Description: Part A

Glycerol (Glycerine) for molecular biology, 99.5%
62417	Sisco Laboratories	100 ml	EUR 2.05
Description: Part A

Potassium Chloride for molecular biology, 99.5%
84984	Sisco Laboratories	500 Gms	EUR 6.16
Description: Part A

Dichloromethane (DCM) for molecular biology, 99.9%
41512	Sisco Laboratories	250 ml	EUR 3.22
Description: Part A

Acriflavine Neutral for molecular biology, 98%
42428	Sisco Laboratories	5 Gms	EUR 3.15
Description: Part B

2-Mercaptoethanol for molecular biology, 99%
83759	Sisco Laboratories	100 ml	EUR 5.27
Description: Part A

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) for molecular biology, 99.8%
92562	Sisco Laboratories	250 ml	EUR 3.28
Description: Part A

Dithioerythritol (DTE) for molecular biology, 99%
53384	Sisco Laboratories	1 Gms	EUR 9.53
Description: Part B

Sodium chloride, suitable for molecular biology
GE0307	Glentham Life Sciences	1kg	EUR 41.33

Sodium chloride, suitable for molecular biology
GE0307-1	Glentham Life Sciences	1	EUR 45.2

L-Ascorbic Acid for molecular biology, 99.7%
14116	Sisco Laboratories	25 Gms	EUR 1.64
Description: Part A

HEPES Sodium Salt for molecular biology, 99%
32225	Sisco Laboratories	25 Gms	EUR 11.85
Description: Part B

meta-Topolin (mT) for molecular biology, 98%
68913	Sisco Laboratories	25 Mg	EUR 17.48
Description: Part B

Glycogen ex. Oyster for molecular biology, 85%
49740	Sisco Laboratories	1 Gms	EUR 7.5
Description: Part B

Propidium Iodide (PI) for molecular biology, 95%
11195	Sisco Laboratories	10 Mg	EUR 17.63
Description: Part B

Acetic Acid Glacial for molecular biology, 99.9%
59788	Sisco Laboratories	100 ml	EUR 3.56
Description: Part A

Acrylamide 3x cryst. for molecular biology, 99.9%
61346	Sisco Laboratories	100 Gms	EUR 5.47
Description: Part A

Brilliant Blue G-250 for molecular biology
64222	Sisco Laboratories	5 Gms	EUR 4.65
Description: Part B

Brilliant Blue R-250 for molecular biology
93473	Sisco Laboratories	5 Gms	EUR 4.35
Description: Part B

D-Sorbitol Powder for molecular biology, 98%
99103	Sisco Laboratories	500 Gms	EUR 10.33
Description: Part A

Acriflavine Hydrochloride for molecular biology, 98.5%-105%
35188	Sisco Laboratories	5 Gms	EUR 4.05
Description: Part B

Tris Buffer Superior for molecular biology, 99.9%
37969	Sisco Laboratories	100 Gms	EUR 7.59
Description: Part A

Polysorbate 20 (Tween 20) for molecular biology
65296	Sisco Laboratories	100 Gms	EUR 10.81
Description: Part A

Molecular Biology Grade Water for RT-PCR
ML065-1.5ML	EWC Diagnostics	1 unit	EUR 7.82
Description: Molecular Biology Grade Water for RT-PCR

10X TE Buffer pH-8.0 for molecular biology
51782	Sisco Laboratories	100 ml	EUR 9.45
Description: Part B

10X TAE Buffer pH-8.3 for molecular biology
71989	Sisco Laboratories	100 ml	EUR 4.43
Description: Part B

Tris Buffer AR, ACS for molecular biology, 99.9%
71033	Sisco Laboratories	100 Gms	EUR 6.02
Description: Part A

10X TBE Buffer pH-8.3 for molecular biology
83170	Sisco Laboratories	200 ml	EUR 4.95
Description: Part B

MES Monohydrate Buffer for molecular biology, 99%
26854	Sisco Laboratories	25 Gms	EUR 11.03
Description: Part B

Acrylamide 40% aq. solution for molecular biology
29787	Sisco Laboratories	250 ml	EUR 20.53
Description: Part A

Glutathione Reduced (GSH) for molecular biology, 99.5%
11514	Sisco Laboratories	1 Gms	EUR 5.55
Description: Part B

DL-Dithiothreitol (DTT) for molecular biology, 98%
17315	Sisco Laboratories	1 Gms	EUR 5.18
Description: Part B

Sodium Acetate Anhydrous for molecular biology, 99%
22342	Sisco Laboratories	250 Gms	EUR 3.56
Description: Part A

Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO) for molecular biology, 99.8%
24075	Sisco Laboratories	100 ml	EUR 6.02
Description: Part A

Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) for molecular biology, 99.9%
40801	Sisco Laboratories	100 ml	EUR 22.92
Description: Part A

Ammonium Persulphate (APS) for molecular biology, 99%
65553	Sisco Laboratories	25 Gms	EUR 1.64
Description: Part A

Glutathione Oxidized (GSSG) for molecular biology, 99.5%
22151	Sisco Laboratories	250 Mg	EUR 22.5
Description: Part B

Cesium Chloride ultrapure for molecular biology, 99.9%
32355	Sisco Laboratories	25 Gms	EUR 18
Description: Part B

Cesium Sulphate extrapure for molecular biology, 99.9%
57455	Sisco Laboratories	10 Gms	EUR 7.5
Description: Part B

Guanidine Thiocyanate (GTC) for molecular biology, 99%
80272	Sisco Laboratories	100 Gms	EUR 5.47
Description: Part A

Sodium Acetate Trihydrate for molecular biology, 99.5%
88035	Sisco Laboratories	250 Gms	EUR 2.33
Description: Part A

Pyridine, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology with molecular sieve
GS8780	Glentham Life Sciences	2500ml	EUR 239.63

Pyridine, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology with molecular sieve
GS8780-2500	Glentham Life Sciences	2500	EUR 249.8

Diethyl Pyrocarbonate (DEPC) for molecular biology, 99%
46791	Sisco Laboratories	5 ml	EUR 9
Description: Part B

Calcium Chloride Dihydrate for molecular biology, 99.5%
97080	Sisco Laboratories	100 Gms	EUR 2.12
Description: Part A

Pyridine, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology
GS6659	Glentham Life Sciences	500ml	EUR 230.38

Pyridine, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology
GS6659-2500	Glentham Life Sciences	2500	EUR 240.3

Pyridine, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology
GS6659-500	Glentham Life Sciences	500	EUR 95.8

Formamide, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology
GS9663	Glentham Life Sciences	100ml	EUR 46.83

Formamide, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology
GS9663-100	Glentham Life Sciences	100	EUR 48.9

Bromocresol Purple Sodium Salt for molecular biology
24836	Sisco Laboratories	5 Gms	EUR 2.05
Description: Part A

Guanidine Hydrochloride (GHC) for molecular biology, 99.5%
45539	Sisco Laboratories	100 Gms	EUR 4.79
Description: Part A

20X SSC Buffer pH 6.9-7.1 for molecular biology
12590	Sisco Laboratories	200 ml	EUR 2.48
Description: Part B

Polyethylene Glycol 8000 (PEG 8000) for molecular biology
54866	Sisco Laboratories	500 Gms	EUR 11.97
Description: Part A

10X Tris Buffered Saline (TBS) for molecular biology
83471	Sisco Laboratories	500 ml	EUR 14.7
Description: Part B

Magnesium Acetate Tetrahydrate for molecular biology, 99%
50488	Sisco Laboratories	100 Gms	EUR 2.74
Description: Part A

Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate for molecular biology, 99.5%
91417	Sisco Laboratories	250 Gms	EUR 4.45
Description: Part A

Magnesium Sulphate Heptahydrate for molecular biology, 99.5%
74440	Sisco Laboratories	500 Gms	EUR 6.16
Description: Part A

Agarose Low EEO Superior Grade for molecular biology
23287	Sisco Laboratories	10 Gms	EUR 6
Description: Part B

L-Lysine Monohydrate (base) for molecular biology, 99%
45976	Sisco Laboratories	25 Gms	EUR 37.63
Description: Part A

Tris Hydrochloride (Tris HCl) for molecular biology, 99%
89781	Sisco Laboratories	100 Gms	EUR 9.37
Description: Part A

Cesium Chloride extrapure AR for molecular biology, 99.9%
22966	Sisco Laboratories	25 Gms	EUR 14.63
Description: Part B

N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) for molecular biology, 99.9%
24017	Sisco Laboratories	100 ml	EUR 3.08
Description: Part A

10X Tris-Tricine-SDS Buffer for molecular biology
37852	Sisco Laboratories	500 ml	EUR 9.08
Description: Part B

EDTA Disodium Salt Dihydrate for molecular biology, 99.5%
43272	Sisco Laboratories	100 Gms	EUR 2.26
Description: Part A

10X Tris-Glycine-SDS Buffer for molecular biology
57806	Sisco Laboratories	200 ml	EUR 3.6
Description: Part B

OORA00229-1L - Molecular Biology Grade UltraPure Water
OORA00229-1L	Aviva Systems Biology	1L	EUR 149

OORA00230-1L - Molecular Biology Grade UltraPure Water
OORA00230-1L	Aviva Systems Biology	1L	EUR 279

DTT (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE131	GeneOn	5 g	EUR 93.6

DTT (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE132	GeneOn	10 g	EUR 133.2

DTT (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE133	GeneOn	25 g	EUR 243.6

NAD (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE196	GeneOn	1 g	EUR 72

NAD (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE197	GeneOn	5 g	EUR 165.6

NBT (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE209	GeneOn	1 g	EUR 123.6

NBT (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE210	GeneOn	5 g	EUR 360

Dimethylformamide, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology with molecular sieve
GS3406	Glentham Life Sciences	2500ml	EUR 111.53

Dimethylformamide, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology with molecular sieve
GS3406-2500	Glentham Life Sciences	2500	EUR 116.2

Saponin ex. Quillaja for molecular biology, 9% Sapogenin
80967	Sisco Laboratories	25 Gms	EUR 45
Description: Part B

Chloroform : Isoamyl Alcohol (24:1) for molecular biology
85563	Sisco Laboratories	100 ml	EUR 8.48
Description: Part B

1X Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) for molecular biology
95131	Sisco Laboratories	100 ml	EUR 3.98
Description: Part B

DMSO, Molecular Biology Grade
40470006-1	Glycomatrix	100 mL	EUR 88.18

DMSO, Molecular Biology Grade
40470006-2	Glycomatrix	250 mL	EUR 150.19

DMSO, Molecular Biology Grade
40470006-3	Glycomatrix	500 mL	EUR 279.26

EGTA, Molecular Biology Grade
40500028-2	Glycomatrix	50 g	EUR 106.43

EGTA, Molecular Biology Grade
40500028-3	Glycomatrix	100 g	EUR 177.58

EGTA, Molecular Biology Grade
40500028-4	Glycomatrix	500 g	EUR 603.19

EGTA, Molecular Biology Grade
40500028-5	Glycomatrix	1 kg	EUR 912.98

EGTA, Molecular Biology Grade
40500028-6	Glycomatrix	2 kg	EUR 1687.94

BCIP (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE108	GeneOn	250 mg	EUR 75.6

BCIP (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE109	GeneOn	1 g	EUR 108

DAPI (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE117	GeneOn	5 mg	EUR 72

DAPI (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE118	GeneOn	25 mg	EUR 159.6

DAPI (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE119	GeneOn	100 mg	EUR 382.8

Tris (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE237	GeneOn	500 g	EUR 106.8

Tris (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE238	GeneOn	1 kg	EUR 153.6

Tris (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE239	GeneOn	5 kg	EUR 535.2

10X Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) for molecular biology
78529	Sisco Laboratories	100 ml	EUR 4.95
Description: Part B

Agarose, low EEO, GlenBiol, suitable for molecular biology
GE6258-100G	Glentham Life Sciences	100 g	EUR 217.2

Potassium Dihydrogen Orthophosphate for molecular biology, 99.5%
54358	Sisco Laboratories	250 Gms	EUR 4.11
Description: Part A

Dimethylformamide, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology
GS6580	Glentham Life Sciences	2500ml	EUR 102.9

Dimethylformamide, GlenBiol™, suitable for molecular biology
GS6580-2500	Glentham Life Sciences	2500	EUR 107.3

CHAPS (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE114	GeneOn	1 g	EUR 66

CHAPS (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE115	GeneOn	5 g	EUR 157.2

CHAPS (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE116	GeneOn	25 g	EUR 492

HEPES (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE171	GeneOn	100 g	EUR 98.4

HEPES (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE172	GeneOn	500 g	EUR 268.8

HEPES (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE173	GeneOn	1 kg	EUR 424.8

Water (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE243	GeneOn	500 ml	EUR 62.4

Water (Molecular Biology Grade)
CE244	GeneOn	1 l	EUR 67.2

Molecular Biology Grade Water
ML024-100ML	EWC Diagnostics	1 unit	EUR 3.54
Description: Molecular Biology Grade Water

We show that the increase of Dogma is not only now require a higher level of complexity, but also showed a higher level of endurance, so far more consistent with the nature of the biological system. Using mathematical modeling approach, we put forward the expression based on the logic-conceptual perspective of molecular biology. Finally, we show that the biological concepts can be turned into a dynamic mathematical model using logic-based approach and thus may be useful as a framework for improving the static conceptual model in biology.